Wild rice (Zizania spp.)

Wild rice, technically not a rice and since the era of paddy production mostly not wild, is the only cereal native to North America with well documented food uses. Wild rice has been a successfully crop in California because production economics have been favorable; the crop adapts easily to basins that have been used for production in the Sacramento Valley.

Wild rice is a grass belonging to the family Gramineae, the genus Zizania, and the species aquatica (or palustris). One can easily distinguish Zizania aquatica from Oryza sativa or common white rice, the Asian staple.

There are four species of wild rice:
Northern wild rice (Zizania palustris)
Wild rice (Zizania aquatica)
Texas wild rice (Zizania texana)
Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia)

This wild rice has come into modern American diet as a delicious, though expensive, substitute for true rice. Or as an additive to give true rice a special flavor and texture.

Wild rice is primarily wind pollinated, a process that ensures genetic diversity through outcrossing, In addition, the plant has some capacity for self pollination.

It is an annual plant that grows form seed. Seed germination is evident when the coleoptiles that covers the leaves breaks through outer layer of the seed.

Zizania latifolia

The stem diameter of the wild rice plant varies from ¼ to ½ inch. Internodes are hollow and divided by thin, porous partitions that allow the diffusion of gasses up and down the stem. Up to 50 additional secondary (tillers) can originate from the basal nodes.
Wild rice (Zizania spp.)

Wheat Plant Insects

Wheat Plants Insects
Numerous insects can attack wheat plants.

Hessian fly
Mayetiola destructor is a widespread pest. It can cause dwarfing of plants, reduction in tillering, increased winter injury and breaking of straw after ripening – in other words, many manifestations of lowered vitality can be observed in infected plants. Resistance in wheat to this pest is due either to antibiosis, in which the insect dies after feeding on the plant, or tolerance, in which the insect continues to feed but the plant compensates for the damage by growing more tillers.

Wheat stem sawfly
Cephus cinctus occurs in Canada and the US northward of Kansas. Damage results from breaking of infested stems and wheat with solid stems show only minor effects. Control efforts have been directed toward developing varieties with solid stems.

Cereal leaf beetle
Oulema melanopus causes widespread damage to small grains in many countries throughout the world. Larval and adult forms feed on the leaves, reducing grain yields or even killing the plant. Control efforts have included attempts to develop wheat varieties with characteristics which repel the insects.
Wheat Plants Insects